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<br>

<h3>Python Operators</h3>

<p>Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.</p>

<p>For example:</p>

<p>Python divides the operators in the following groups:</p>

<ul>

<li>Arithmetic operators</li>

<li>Assignment operators</li>

<li>Comparision operators</li>

<li>Logical operators</li>

<li>Identity operators</li>

<li>Membership operators</li>

<li>Bitwise operators</li>

</ul>

<h3>Arithmetic operators</h3>

<p>Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations:</p>

<table>

<tbody>

<tr>

<th>Operator</th>

<th>Meaning</th>

<th>Example</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Add two operands or unary plus</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Multiply two operands</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Divide left operand by the right one (always results into float)</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Modulus - remainder of the division of left operand by the right</td>

<td>x % y (remainder of x/y)</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Floor division - division that results into whole number adjusted to the left in the number line</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Exponent - left operand raised to the power of right</td>

<td>x**y (x to the power y)</td>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

<h3>Example:</h3>

<pre>

<code>x = 15

y = 4

# Output: x + y = 19

print('x + y =',x+y)

# Output: x - y = 11

print('x - y =',x-y)

# Output: x * y = 60

print('x * y =',x*y)

# Output: x / y = 3.75

print('x / y =',x/y)

# Output: x // y = 3

print('x // y =',x//y)

# Output: x ** y = 50625

print('x ** y =',x**y)</code></pre>

<p><strong>Output</strong></p>

<pre>

<samp>x + y = 19

x - y = 11

x * y = 60

x / y = 3.75

x // y = 3

x ** y = 50625</samp></pre>

<hr />

<h3>Comparison operators</h3>

<p>Comparison operators are used to compare two values:</p>

<table>

<tbody>

<tr>

<th>Operator</th>

<th>Meaning</th>

<th>Example</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Greater than - True if left operand is greater than the right</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Less than - True if left operand is less than the right</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Equal to - True if both operands are equal</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Not equal to - True if operands are not equal</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Greater than or equal to - True if left operand is greater than or equal to the right</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Less than or equal to - True if left operand is less than or equal to the right</td>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

<h3>Example</h3>

<pre>

<code>x = 10

y = 12

# Output: x > y is False

print('x > y is',x>y)

# Output: x < y is True

print('x < y is',x<y)

# Output: x == y is False

print('x == y is',x==y)

# Output: x != y is True

print('x != y is',x!=y)

# Output: x >= y is False

print('x >= y is',x>=y)

# Output: x <= y is True

print('x <= y is',x<=y)</code></pre>

<p><strong>Output</strong></p>

<pre>

<samp>x > y is False

x < y is True

x == y is False

x != y is True

x >= y is False

x <= y is True</samp></pre>

<hr />

<h3>Logical operators</h3>

<p>Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:</p>

<table>

<tbody>

<tr>

<th>Operator</th>

<th>Meaning</th>

<th>Example</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>True if both the operands are true</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>True if either of the operands is true</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>True if operand is false (complements the operand)</td>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

<h3>Example:</h3>

<pre>

<code>x = True

y = False

print('x and y is',x and y)

print('x or y is',x or y)

print('not x is',not x)</code></pre>

<p><strong>Output</strong></p>

<pre>

<samp>x and y is False

x or y is True

not x is False</samp></pre>

<hr />

<h3>Bitwise operators</h3>

<p>Bitwise operators act on operands as if they were strings of binary digits. They operate bit by bit, hence the name.</p>

<table>

<tbody>

<tr>

<th>Operator</th>

<th>Meaning</th>

<th>Example</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Bitwise AND</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Bitwise OR</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Bitwise NOT</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Bitwise XOR</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Bitwise right shift</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Bitwise left shift</td>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

<hr />

<h3>Assignment operators</h3>

<p>Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:</p>

<p><code>c = 27</code> is a simple assignment operator that assigns the value 27 on the right to the variable <var>c</var> on the left.</p>

<p>There are various compound operators in Python like <code>c += 27</code> that adds to the variable and later assigns the same. It is equivalent to <code>c = c + 27</code>.</p>

<table>

<tbody>

<tr>

<th>Operator</th>

<th>Example</th>

<th>Equivalent to</th>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

<hr />

<h3>Special operators</h3>

<p>Python language offers some special types of operators like the identity operator or the membership operator. They are described below with examples.</p>

<h3 >Identity operators</h3>

<p>Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:

</p>

<table>

<tbody>

<tr>

<th>Operator</th>

<th>Meaning</th>

<th>Example</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>True if the operands are identical (refer to the same object)</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>True if the operands are not identical (do not refer to the same object)</td>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

<h3>Example:</h3>

<pre>

<code>x1 = 5

y1 = 5

x2 = 'CODEMISTIC'

y2 = 'CODEMISTIC'

x3 = [1,2,3]

y3 = [1,2,3]

# Output: False

print(x1 is not y1)

# Output: True

print(x2 is y2)

# Output: False

print(x3 is y3)</code></pre>

<p><strong>Output</strong></p>

<pre>

<samp>False

True

False</samp></pre>

<hr />

<h3>Membership operators</h3>

<p><code>in</code> and <code>not in</code> are the membership operators in Python. They are used to test whether a value or variable is found in a sequence string, list, tuple, set and dictionary.</p>

<p>In a dictionary we can only test for presence of key, not the value.</p>

<table>

<tbody>

<tr>

<th>Operator</th>

<th>Meaning</th>

<th>Example</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>True if value/variable is found in the sequence</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>True if value/variable is not found in the sequence</td>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

<h3>Example:</h3>

<pre>

<code>x = 'Hello world'

y = {1:'a',2:'b'}

# Output: True

print('H' in x)

# Output: True

print('hello' not in x)

# Output: True

print(1 in y)

# Output: False

print('a' in y)</code></pre>

<p><strong>Output</strong></p>

<pre>

<samp>True

True

False</samp></pre>

</p>

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