Wikipedia

Mansa Musa

Mansa Musa [lower-alpha 1] ( c. 1280 – c. 1337 ) shine Mansa na tara [1] na Daular Mali, wanda ya kai kololuwar yankinsa a lokacin mulkinsa. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar mulkin Musa a matsayin babban abin da ya haifar da iko da martabar Mali, kodayake bai nuna wani abu mai yawa a cikin al'adun Mandinka kamar na magabatansa ba .

Mansa Musa
sarki

1312 - 1337
← Mohammed ibn Gao (en) Fassara - Maghan (en) Fassara →
Rayuwa
Cikakken sunaKankou Moussa
HaihuwaDaular Mali, 1280
ƙasaDaular Mali
Mutuwa1337 (Gregorian)
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zamaInari Kunate (en) Fassara
Yara
AhaliSuleyman (en) Fassara
YareKeita dynasty (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'atrade (en) Fassara
Imani
AddiniMusulunci

Musa yana da arziki sosai, har ma mutanen zamaninsa sun kwatanta shi a matsayin mai arziki wanda ba za a iya tunaninsa ba; Mujallar Time ta ruwaito: "Babu wata hanyar da za a sanya adadi mai kyau a kan dukiyarsa." Sun ambaci farfesa Richard Smith na tarihi a Kwalejin Ferrum, wanda ya ce Mali ita ce mafi girman masana'antar zinare a duniya a wancan lokacin, amma "majiyoyin zamani sun bayyana arzikin sarkin ta hanyar da ba zai yiwu ba a lokacin."

An san daga rubuce-rubucen gida da kuma bayanan matafiya cewa arzikin Mansa Musa ya samo asali ne daga ikon Daular Mali da kuma harajin cinikin gishiri daga yankunan arewa, musamman daga zinare da aka haƙa aka kuma haƙa a Bambuk da Bure a kudu. A cikin dogon lokaci, Mali ta tara tarin zinare. Ana kyautata zaton Mali ta shiga cikin cinikin kayayyaki da yawa kamar hauren giwa, bayi, kayan ƙanshi, siliki, da yumbu. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu ba a san komai game da girman ko tsarin waɗannan sana'o'in ba. [2] An kiyasta cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na zinaren da ke yawo a Bahar Rum na Tsakiya ya fito ne daga Yammacin Afirka [3] kuma wannan shine kusan rabin arzikin zinaren da ake samu a Duniyar Tsohuwar Duniya .

Binciken kayan tarihi da aka gudanar a kusa da garin Tadmekka ya nuna cewa 'yan Mali sun ƙirƙiro nasu tsarin tace zinare ta hanyar amfani da gilashin da aka narke da kuma cire ƙazanta. [4] Duk da cewa zinare yana da yawa, jan ƙarfe yana da ƙarancin daraja a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara kuma "ana musayar shi da zinariya a farashin da za a ɗauka ba daidai ba ne bisa ga ƙa'idodin yau." [5] A lokacin da Musa ya hau karagar mulki, Mali ta ƙunshi mafi yawan yankin tsohuwar Daular Ghana, wadda ta zama ƙabilar Mali. Daular Mali ta ƙunshi ƙasar da yanzu take cikin Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, Gambia, da kuma ƙasar Mali ta zamani wadda za ta kai girman 1,300,000. km 2.

Musa ya tafi aikin Hajji zuwa Makka a shekarar 1324, yana tafiya tare da tarin jama'a da kuma tarin zinariya. A kan hanyarsa, ya yi lokaci a Alkahira, inda aka ce kyautar da ya bayar ta yi tasiri sosai ga darajar zinare a Masar [6] kuma ta jawo hankalin duniyar Musulmi baki ɗaya. Musa ya faɗaɗa iyakokin Daular Mali, musamman haɗa biranen Gao da Timbuktu cikin yankinta. Ya nemi kusanci da sauran al'ummar Musulmi, musamman sarakunan Mamluk da Marinid . Ya ɗauki malamai daga faɗin duniyar Musulmi don yin tafiya zuwa Mali, kamar mawaƙin Andalusian Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa Timbuktu a matsayin cibiyar ilimin Musulunci. Mulkinsa yana da alaƙa da ayyukan gine-gine da dama, ciki har da wani ɓangare na Masallacin Djinguereber da ke Timbuktu.

Suna da Lakabi

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Sunan Annabi Mansa Musa Musa ( Arabic ), sunan Musa a Musulunci . [7] Mansa, 'mai mulki' [8] ko 'sarki' [9] a Mandé, shine taken mai mulkin Daular Mali.

A al'adar baka da tarihin Timbuktu, Musa an ƙara kiransa da Kanku Musa. [10] [lower-alpha 2] A al'adar Mandé, an saba amfani da sunan mutum da sunan mahaifiyarsa, don haka sunan Kanku Musa yana nufin "Musa, ɗan Kanku", kodayake ba a san ko asalin tarihin da aka ambata a zahiri ba ne. [12] Al-Yafii ya sanyawa Musa suna Musa bn Abi Bakr bn Abi al-Aswad ( Arabic ), [13] kuma Ibn Hajar ya sanya wa Musa suna Musa bn Abi Bakr Salim al-Takruri ( Arabic ). [14]

Sau da yawa ana ba wa Musa lakabin Hajji a al'adar baki saboda ya yi aikin hajji . [15] A yaren Songhai, sarakunan Mali kamar Musa ana kiransu da Mali-koi, koi lakabi ne da ke nuna iko a kan wani yanki: a wata ma'anar, "mai mulkin Mali". [16]

Majiyoyin tarihi

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Yawancin abin da aka sani game da Musa ya fito ne daga majiyoyin Larabci da aka rubuta bayan hajjinsa, musamman rubuce-rubucen Al-Umari da Ibn Khaldun . A lokacin da yake birnin Alkahira a lokacin aikin hajjinsa, Musa ya yi abota da jami'ai kamar Ibn Amir Hajib, wadanda suka koya masa labarinsa da kasarsa daga gare shi, daga baya kuma suka mika wannan ilimin ga masana tarihi kamar Al-Umari. [17] Ƙarin bayani ya fito ne daga rubuce-rubucen tarihi guda biyu na ƙarni na 17 da aka rubuta a Timbuktu, wato Tarikh Ibn al-Mukhtar [lower-alpha 3] da Tarikh al-Sudan . [12] Al'adar baki, kamar yadda jeliw ( sing. jeli ) ya yi, wanda aka fi sani da griots, ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin bayani game da Musa idan aka kwatanta da wasu sassan tarihin Mali, inda waɗanda suka yi nasara a kan magabacinsa suka sami ƙarin suna. [ 28 ]

Zuri'a

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Samfuri:LineageA cewar Djibril Tamsir Niane, ana kiran mahaifin Musa Faga Leye [15] kuma mahaifiyarsa tana iya zama Kanku. [lower-alpha 4] Faga Leye ɗan Abu Bakr ne, ɗan'uwan Sunjata, mansa na farko na Daular Mali. [15] Ibn Khaldun bai ambaci Faga Leye ba, yana nufin Musa a matsayin Musa bn Abubakar. Ana iya fassara wannan a matsayin ko dai "Musa ɗan Abu Bakr" ko kuma "Musa ɗan Abu Bakr." Ba za a iya cewa Abu Bakr shine mahaifin Musa ba, saboda tsawon lokacin da ke tsakanin mulkin Sunjata da na Musa. [20] [21]

Ibn Battuta, wanda ya ziyarci Mali a lokacin mulkin ɗan'uwan Musa Sulayman, ya ce an sanya wa kakan Musa suna Sariq Jata. [14] Sariq Jata na iya zama wani suna na Sunjata, wanda a zahiri kakan Musa ne. [14] Wannan, tare da amfani da sunan 'Musa ibn Abu Bakr' da Ibn Khaldun ya yi, ya sa masanin tarihi Francois-Xavier Fauvelle ya gabatar da cewa Musa a zahiri ɗan Abu Bakr I ne, jikan Sunjata ta hanyar 'yarsa. Daga baya an yi ƙoƙarin kawar da wannan gadon da wataƙila ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta hanyar layin mace, wanda hakan ya haifar da rudani a cikin majiyoyin game da asalin Musa. [21] Ƙiyayya ga reshen Musa na daular Keita shi ma zai iya bayyana rashin kasancewarsa ko kuma mummunan hali da ya fuskanta ta hanyar tarihin baki. [21]

Rayuwar farko da kuma samun iko

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Ba a san ranar haihuwar Musa ba, amma da alama saurayi ne a shekara ta 1324. [12] Tarikh al-fattash ya yi ikirarin cewa Musa ya kashe Kanku bisa kuskure a wani lokaci kafin ya tafi aikin hajji. [12]

Musa ya hau mulki a farkon shekarun 1300 [lower-alpha 5] a cikin yanayi marasa tabbas. A cewar labarin Musa, wanda ya gabace shi a matsayin Mansa na Mali, wanda ake kyautata zaton Muhammad ibn Qu, [24] ya ƙaddamar da balaguro guda biyu don bincika Tekun Atlantika (jiragen ruwa 200 don aikin bincike na farko da jiragen ruwa 2,000 don na biyu). Mansa ne ya jagoranci tafiyar ta biyu da kansa kuma ya naɗa Musa a matsayin mataimakinsa don ya mulki daular har sai ya dawo. [25] Da bai dawo ba, aka naɗa Musa a matsayin mansa da kansa, wanda hakan ya nuna cewa zuriyar Sunjata ta koma zuriyar ɗan'uwansa Abu Bakr. [26] Wasu masana tarihi na zamani sun nuna shakku kan yadda Musa ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru, suna nuna cewa wataƙila ya tuɓe magajinsa kuma ya ƙirƙiro labarin tafiyar don bayyana yadda ya karɓi mulki. [27] [28] Duk da haka, masana tarihi da dama sun ɗauki yiwuwar irin wannan tafiya da muhimmanci. [12] [29] [30]

Mulkin farko

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Musa matashi ne lokacin da ya zama Mansa, wataƙila yana cikin farkon shekarunsa na ashirin. [12] Ganin girman aikin hajjinsa na gaba, Musa wataƙila ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun mulkinsa na farko yana shirye-shiryen hakan. [12] Daga cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen akwai yiwuwar hare-hare don kamawa da kuma bautar da mutane daga ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da su, domin tawagar Musa za ta haɗa da dubban bayi; masanin tarihi Michael Gomez ya kiyasta cewa Mali na iya kama bayi sama da 6,000 a kowace shekara don wannan dalili. [12] Wataƙila saboda wannan, farkon mulkin Musa ya kasance yana cikin yaƙin soja da al'ummomin da ba Musulmi ba maƙwabta. [12] A shekara ta 1324, yayin da yake birnin Alkahira, Musa ya ce ya ci birane 24 da gundumomin da ke kewaye da su. [31]

Aikin Hajji zuwa Makka

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Mansa Moussa ( Rex Melly ) a taswirar Angelino Dulcert (1339)

Musa Musulmi ne, kuma aikin hajjinsa, ko kuma aikin hajjinsa zuwa Makka, ya sa ya shahara a faɗin Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya . Ga Musa, Musulunci "shiga ce ta duniyar da aka san ta da al'adun Gabas ta Bahar Rum". [32] Da ya shafe lokaci mai tsawo yana ƙarfafa ci gaban addini a cikin daularsa. Lokacin da Musa ya bar Mali don aikin Hajji, ya bar ɗansa Muhammad ya yi mulki a bayansa. [33]

Musa ya yi aikin hajjinsa tsakanin 1324 da 1325, tsawonsa ya kai mil 2700. [12] Marubutan tarihi na Larabci da ke rubuce-rubuce bayan taron sun bayar da adadi daban-daban game da girman ayarin Musa da kuma adadin zinaren da aka yi jigilarsa, kuma masana tarihi na zamani suna ɗaukar waɗannan lambobi a matsayin maganganun magana maimakon ƙididdiga. [34] [13] A cewar alkaluman da aka adana a cikin labaran Larabci na baya, jerin gwanon nasa ya ƙunshi bayi sama da 12,000, duk sanye da siliki mai kauri da siliki na Yemen [35] kuma kowannensu ya ce yana ɗauke da 4 pounds (1.8 kg) na sandunan zinariya, tare da masu shelar albishir sanye da siliki ɗauke da sandunan zinariya waɗanda ke shirya dawakai da jakunkunan sarrafawa.[ana buƙatar hujja]

An ruwaito cewa Musa ya samar da dukkan abubuwan da ake buƙata don jerin gwanon, yana ciyar da dukkan taron mutane da dabbobi. [32] Majiyoyin sun bayyana cewa ayarin ya ƙunshi raƙuma 80, kowannensu ya ce yana ɗauke da raƙuma tsakanin 50–300 pounds (23–136 kg) na ƙurar zinare — wani yanki wanda ke nuna rashin duk wani ƙidayar zamani da aka bincika kuma masana tarihi na zamani suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban tushe na adabi maimakon ma'auni. [34] [13] An ce Musa ya raba zinare ga talakawa a kan hanyarsa da kuma biranen da ya ratsa a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Makka, ciki har da Alkahira da Madina, kuma an ruwaito cewa yana gina masallaci kowace Juma'a. Shihab al-Din al-Umari, wanda ya ziyarci Alkahira jim kaɗan bayan aikin hajji kuma shine tushen mafi yawan waɗannan labaran, ya bayyana jerin gwanon a matsayin "nuna ƙarfi, arziki, da kuma wanda ba a taɓa gani ba ta hanyar girmansa da kuma kyawunsa".

Musa da tawagarsa sun isa gefen birnin Alkahira a watan Yulin 1324. Sun yi sansani na tsawon kwanaki uku kusa da Dala na Giza kafin su tsallaka Kogin Nilu zuwa Alkahira a ranar 19 ga Yuli. [lower-alpha 6] [14] [12] Yayin da yake birnin Alkahira, Musa ya haɗu da sarkin Mamluk al-Nasir Muhammad, wanda mulkinsa ya riga ya ga wani mansa, Sakura, yana yin aikin Hajji. Al-Nasir ya yi tsammanin Musa zai yi masa sujada, wanda da farko Musa ya ƙi yin hakan. Lokacin da Musa ya yi sujada a ƙarshe, sai ya ce yana yin haka ne don Allah kaɗai. [12]

Duk da wannan rashin jin daɗi na farko, sarakunan biyu sun yi zaman lafiya sosai kuma sun yi musayar kyaututtuka. Musa da tawagarsa sun bayar kuma sun yi rayuwa cikin 'yanci yayin da suke birnin Alkahira. Musa ya zauna a gundumar Qarafa da ke birnin Alkahira, ya kuma yi abota da gwamnanta, ibn Amir Hajib, wanda ya koyi abubuwa da yawa game da Mali daga gare shi. Musa ya zauna a birnin Alkahira na tsawon watanni uku, inda ya tashi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba [lower-alpha 7] tare da ayarin da aka tura zuwa Makka. [14] [13]

Karimcin Musa ya ci gaba yayin da yake tafiya zuwa Makka, kuma ya ba da kyaututtuka ga sauran mahajjata da mutanen Madina da Makka. A lokacin da suke Makka, rikici ya barke tsakanin wani gungun mahajjata 'yan Mali da kuma wani gungun mahajjata 'yan Turkiyya a Masallacin Haram . An zare takubba, amma kafin lamarin ya ƙara ta'azzara, Musa ya shawo kan mutanensa su ja da baya. [13]

Musa da tawagarsa sun daɗe a Makka bayan ranar ƙarshe ta aikin Hajji. Tafiyarsu daban da babbar ayarin, tafiyarsu ta dawowa Alkahira ta fuskanci bala'i. Lokacin da suka isa Suez, da yawa daga cikin mahajjatan Mali sun mutu sakamakon sanyi, yunwa, ko hare-haren 'yan fashi, kuma sun rasa kayansu da yawa. [12] [13] Bayan kuɗi ya ƙare, Musa da tawagarsa sun tilasta musu karɓar bashi kuma suka sake sayar da mafi yawan abin da suka saya a lokacin da suke Alƙahira kafin aikin Hajji, kuma Musa ya ci bashi ga wasu 'yan kasuwa kamar Siraj al-Din. Duk da haka, Al-Nasir Muhammad ya mayar wa Musa da kyautar da ya bayar a baya. [12]

A tafiyarsa ta dawowa, Musa ya haɗu da mawaƙin Andalusi Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, wanda iya magana da iliminsa na shari'a suka burge shi, kuma ya shawo kansa ya yi tafiya tare da shi zuwa Mali. [36] Sauran malaman da Musa ya kawo Mali sun haɗa da malaman Maliki . [37]

A cewar Tarikh al-Sudan, biranen Gao da Timbuktu sun miƙa wuya ga mulkin Musa yayin da yake tafiya a cikinsa lokacin da ya dawo Mali. [38] Duk da haka, da wuya a ce wata ƙungiyar mahajjata, ko da kuwa tana da makamai, za ta iya cin nasara a kan birni mai arziki da ƙarfi. [21] A cewar wani labari da ibn Khaldun ya bayar, janar Musa Saghmanja ya ci Gao da yaƙi. Wani labarin kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an ci Gao da yaƙi a zamanin mulkin Mansa Sakura . [39] Ikon Mali a Gao wataƙila ya yi rauni, wanda hakan ya sa dole sai mansas masu ƙarfi su sake tabbatar da ikonsu lokaci-lokaci, [40] ko kuma kawai kuskure ne daga al-Sadi, marubucin Tarikh . [21]

Gine-gine a Mali

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A bisa ga wata al'ada da ta daɗe a tarihin tarihi na ƙarni na sha tara da ashirin, Musa ya kawo masu gine-gine daga Andalusia da Alkahira don gina fadarsa a Timbuktu da kuma babban Masallacin Djinguereber wanda har yanzu yake nan, tare da mawaƙin Granadan Abū Isḥāq al-Sāḥilī wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin babban mai tsara shi. [41] Bayanan da suka biyo baya sun tabbatar da wannan matsayin sosai. JO Hunwick ya nuna cewa aikin da aka danganta da al-Sāḥilī kawai a cikin majiyoyin Larabci shine ɗakin sauraron sarauta a birnin Mali - wanda Ibn Khaldun ya rubuta biyan kuɗin zinare 12,000 (kimanin 51) kg) — kuma cewa rawar da al-Sāḥilī ya taka a can ta kasance ta ado da tsari maimakon ta mai zane-zanen gine-gine. [36] Dangane da al'adar Sudano-Sahelian mai faɗi, masanin tarihin gine-gine Labelle Prussin ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin ƙasa ( banco ) na lanƙwasa na Nijar, tare da haskensa na Toronto, yana wakiltar haɗakar ayyukan ƙira na asali na Afirka ta Yamma da Musulunci na tsawon ƙarni maimakon shigo da su daga al-Andalus ko Maghreb; [42] masanin kimiyya na zamani ya ɗauki hoton al-Sāḥilī a matsayin wanda ya kafa gine-ginen masallatan Afirka ta Yamma a matsayin tatsuniyar tarihi maimakon wata hujja ta tarihi da aka kafa. [42] [36] Binciken da Susan da Roderick McIntosh suka yi a Djenné-Djenno ya tabbatar da cewa matsugunan dindindin, samar da kayayyaki masu sarkakiya da kuma aikin ƙarfe sun riga sun kasance a cikin Neja Delta na cikin gida a ƙarni na uku kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa - tare da hanyoyin musayar nesa da aka tabbatar a matakai na gaba na wurin - yana nuna cewa gine-ginen gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa na birane da shirin ginin Musa ya dogara da su al'ada ce ta asali ta asali maimakon shigo da su daga zamaninsa. [43]

Tattalin arziki da ilimi

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Masallacin Djinguereber, wanda Mansa Musa ya kaddamar a 1327

Ba da daɗewa ba Timbuktu ta zama cibiyar kasuwanci, al'adu, da Musulunci; an kawo kasuwanni daga ƙasar Hausa, Masar, da sauran masarautun Afirka, an kafa jami'a a birnin (da kuma a biranen Mali na Djenné da Ségou ), kuma Musulunci ya yaɗu ta kasuwanni da jami'o'i, wanda hakan ya sanya Timbuktu ta zama sabon yanki na ilimin Musulunci. [41] Labarin birnin arziki na daular Mali ya yi ta yawo a cikin Bahar Rum zuwa kudancin Turai, inda 'yan kasuwa daga Venice, Granada, da Genoa suka ƙara Timbuktu a taswirarsu don cinikin kayayyakin da aka ƙera da zinariya. [41]

An sake gina Jami'ar Sankore da ke Timbuktu a zamanin mulkin Musa tare da masana shari'a, masana ilmin taurari, da kuma masana lissafi. [44] Jami'ar ta zama cibiyar ilmantarwa da al'adu, inda ta jawo hankalin malaman Musulunci daga ko'ina cikin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Timbuktu.

A shekara ta 1330, masarautar Mossi ta mamaye birnin Timbuktu ta kuma kwace shi. Janar Musa ya riga ya kama Gao, kuma Musa ya dawo da Timbuktu cikin sauri, ya gina katanga da katangar dutse, sannan ya sanya rundunar sojoji da ke tsaye don kare birnin daga mamaya nan gaba. [41] Duk da cewa fadar Musa ta ɓace tun daga lokacin, jami'a da masallaci har yanzu suna nan a Timbuktu.

Daular Mali a lokacin rasuwar Musa

Ba a san ranar da Mansa Musa ya mutu ba. Ta amfani da tsawon mulkin da Ibn Khaldun ya ruwaito don ƙididdigewa daga mutuwar Mansa Suleyman a shekara ta 1360, da Musa ya mutu a shekara ta 1332. [45] Duk da haka, Ibn Khaldun ya kuma ruwaito cewa Musa ya aika da wakili don taya Abu al-Hasan Ali murna kan nasarar da ya samu a Tlemcen, wanda ya faru a watan Mayu na 1337, amma lokacin da Abu al-Hasan ya aika da wakili don mayar da martani, Musa ya mutu kuma Suleyman yana kan karagar mulki, yana nuna cewa Musa ya mutu a shekara ta 1337. [45] Sabanin haka, al-Umari, yana rubuta shekaru goma sha biyu bayan hajjin Musa, a kusan shekara ta 1337, [14] ya yi iƙirarin cewa Musa ya koma Mali da nufin yin hijira ya koma Makka ya zauna amma ya mutu kafin ya iya yin hakan, [14] yana nuna cewa ya mutu tun kafin shekara ta 1332. [46] Mai yiyuwa ne a zahiri dan Musa Maghan ne ya taya Abu al-Hasan, ko kuma Maghan wanda ya karbi manzon Abu al-Hasan bayan rasuwar Musa. [46] Wannan yiwuwar ta ƙarshe ta tabbata ne ta hanyar Ibn Khaldun yana kiran ɗan Suleyman Musa a cikin wannan nassin, yana nuna cewa wataƙila ya rikitar da ɗan Musa Suleyman da ɗan Musa Maghan. [46] A madadin haka, yana yiwuwa a ce mulkin shekaru huɗu na Ibn Khaldun ya ambaci Maghan da ya yi magana a kan mulkinsa na Mali yayin da Musa yake tafiya aikin hajji, kuma ya yi mulki na ɗan lokaci ne kawai a cikin ikonsa. [46] Nehemia Levtzion ya ɗauki 1337 a matsayin ranar da ta fi dacewa, [45] wanda wasu malamai suka yarda da ita. [47] [12]

Gado

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Ana ɗaukar mulkin Musa a matsayin zamanin zinare na Mali, amma wannan fahimta na iya zama sakamakon mulkinsa wanda ya fi kowanne da aka rubuta ta hanyar majiyoyin Larabci, maimakon a ce shi ne mafi arziki da iko a Mali. [48] Yankin Daular Mali ya kasance mafi tsayi a lokacin mulkin Musa da ɗan'uwansa Sulayman, kuma ya mamaye yankin Sudan-Sahel na Yammacin Afirka. [49]

Musa ba a san shi sosai a al'adar baki ta Mandé kamar yadda jeliw ke yi ba. [50] Ana sukarsa da rashin aminci ga al'ada, kuma wasu daga cikin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna ɗaukar Musa a matsayin wanda ya ɓata dukiyar Mali. [6] [49] Duk da haka, wasu fannoni na Musa sun bayyana an haɗa su cikin wani mutum a cikin al'adar baki ta Mandé da aka sani da Fajigi, wanda ke fassara a matsayin "uban bege". Ana tuna Fajigi a matsayin wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Makka don ɗauko abubuwan al'ada da aka sani da boliw, waɗanda suka bayyana a cikin addinin gargajiya na Mandé. [51] A matsayinsa na Fajigi, Musa wani lokacin ana haɗa shi da wani mutum a cikin al'adar baki mai suna Fakoli, wanda aka fi sani da babban janar na Sunjata. [51] Siffar Fajigi ta haɗa Musulunci da kuma imani na gargajiya. [51]

Sunan "Musa" ya zama kamar na aikin hajji a al'adar Mandé, ta yadda wasu mutane da ake tunawa da su a matsayin waɗanda suka je aikin hajji, kamar Fakoli, suma ake kiransu Musa. [51]

Wasu taswirorin da ke nuna siffofi irin na Mansa Musa ko Mansa Musa

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A shekara ta 1525, mai yin taswirar Sicily Jacopo Russo ya ƙirƙiri Taswirar Mansa Musa don girmama shi. Wannan al'ada ta nuna wani mai arziki a yammacin Afirka ta samo asali ne daga taswirar Angelino Dulcert ta 1339, Atlas ɗin Catalan na 1375 da wasu taswirorin Turai da dama waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga Hadj na Mansa Musa. [52]

Fayil:Mana Musa holding gold.jpg
Taswirar Jacopo Russo ta ci gaba da al'adar nuna wani sarkin Afirka yana sayar da zinare ga 'yan kasuwa ƙarnuka bayan mutuwar Mansa Musa [52]
Fayil:Mansa Musa dressed like European.jpg
Wani taswirar da aka yi a Ancona, Italiya (wajen 1529) na Conte di Ottomanno Freducci. An kwatanta shi da fari a salon Turai. Rubutu da aka fassara daga Latin: 'Wannan sarki Mansa Musa yana mulkin lardin Guinea kuma ba shi da wayo da ilimi fiye da iko. Yana da ƙwararrun masana lissafi da kuma mutane masu ƙwarewa a fannin fasaha, kuma yana da wadata mai yawa, domin yana kusa da reshen kogin Nilu wanda ake kira Tekun Zinare. Daga nan ake kawo ƙurar zinariya ko tibr mai yawa, kuma wannan hanya ce ta cikin masarautarsa, kuma waɗannan yankuna sun cika da duk abubuwan da ke sama da ƙasa, musamman a cikin dabino da manna, da mafi kyawun duk sauran abubuwan da za a iya samu - ba su da gishiri kawai. [52]
Fayil:African monarchs.jpg
Cikakkun bayanai game da sarakunan Afirka, 'Sarkin Mali', 'Sarkin Nubia' da 'Manicongo', (Mai mulkin masarautar Kongo) daga Sarauniya Mary Atlas (an kammala a shekara ta 1558) ta Diogo Homem [52]

Dukiya

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Mansa Musa sananne ne saboda wadatarsa da karimcinsa, kuma ya zama "alama ta dukiya mai ban mamaki". [2] Duk da cewa wasu labarai da dama a yanar gizo a karni na 21 sun yi ikirarin cewa Mansa Musa shine mutum mafi arziki a kowane lokaci, [53] [54] masana tarihi kamar Hadrien Collet sun yi jayayya cewa dukiyar Musa ba za a iya kirga ta daidai ba. [6] [13] Majiyoyin Larabci na zamani wataƙila suna ƙoƙarin bayyana cewa Musa yana da zinare fiye da yadda suke tsammani, maimakon ƙoƙarin bayar da adadi daidai. [55] Musa da kansa ya ƙara nuna cewa yana da wadata mai yawa, wadda ba ta ƙarewa ta hanyar yaɗa jita-jita cewa zinariya tana girma kamar shuka a masarautarsa. [12] Encyclopedia Britannica ya bayyana cewa "ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mutum mafi arziki a tarihi". [56] [57]

A cewar wasu marubutan Larabci, kyautar da Musa ya bayar ta haifar da raguwar darajar zinariya a Masar. Al-Umari ya ce kafin zuwan Musa, mithqal na zinariya yana da darajar dirhami 25 na azurfa, amma ya faɗi ƙasa da dirhami 22 bayan haka kuma bai wuce wannan adadin ba tsawon akalla shekaru goma sha biyu. [14] Ko da yake an bayyana wannan a matsayin wanda ya "lalace" tattalin arzikin Masar, [6] masanin tarihi Warren Schultz ya yi jayayya cewa wannan yana cikin canjin darajar zinare a Mamluk Masar. [34] A cewar Graham Abney, wannan ambaliyar tattalin arzikin Masar wataƙila wani yunƙuri ne da Musa ya yi da gangan na sauya Mali a matsayin babbar ƙasa da zarar ya isa can. Kiyasin cewa Musa ya kawo har tan 18 na zinariya a aikin hajjinsa - alkaluman da wani lokacin ake amfani da su a kafofin watsa labarai na zamani daidai da biliyoyin daloli na Amurka - sake ginawa ne da aka samo daga rahoton al-Umari da Ibn Khaldun iri ɗaya, kuma yana nuna sarkar watsawa ɗaya maimakon shaidar da ba ta da tushe. [12] [34] [13] Masana tarihi suna ɗaukar sauya irin waɗannan alkaluman zuwa daidaitattun kuɗi na zamani a matsayin rashin inganci a fannin hanyoyin bincike, idan aka yi la'akari da gibin da ke tsakanin dabarun tattalin arziki na zinare na Sahelian na ƙarni na 14 da kuma ƙimar kadarorin zamani da kuma wahalar raba dukiyar sarki da ta gwamnati. [13] [58]

Tunanin cewa sarkin Afirka ta Yamma ya fi kowa arziki a duniya ya riga Mansa Musa sama da shekaru 300; Ibn Hawqal (951) ya ce: "Sarkin Ghana shine sarki mafi arziki a duniya saboda taskokinsa da tarin zinare da aka ciro a zamanin da ga magabatansa da kansa." Ya ci gaba da bayyana irin wannan buƙatar daular ta nema na gishirin da aka shigo da shi daga ƙasashen waje. [59]

Arzikin Daular Mali bai fito daga ikon kai tsaye na yankunan da ke samar da zinare ba, sai dai daga ciniki da haraji. Waɗannan hanyoyin kasuwanci sun haɗu har zuwa kudu har zuwa Dajin Akan a ƙasar Ghana ta zamani, wadda a da aka fi sani da Gold Coast (ba za a iya rikita ta da Daular Ghana ba). A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, 'yan Portugal suna samun kilo 400-550 (fam 880-1,200) na zinariya a kowace shekara daga wannan yanki ta hanyar ciniki. Birnin farko na mutanen Akan shine Bono Manso kuma muhimmin haɗin gwiwa ne na kasuwanci da Djenné . Zinaren da Musa ya kawo a hajjinsa wataƙila yana wakiltar shekaru da yawa na tarin haraji da Musa zai yi amfani da su wajen taruwa a farkon mulkinsa. Wani tushen samun kudin shiga ga Mali a zamanin mulkin Musa shine harajin cinikin jan ƙarfe.

A cewar marubuta da dama na zamani, kamar Ibn Battuta, Ibn al-Dawadari da al-Umari, Mansa Musa ya ƙare kuɗinsa a lokacin tafiyarsa zuwa Makka kuma dole ne ya sayar da kadarori ya kuma aro daga 'yan kasuwar Masar akan babban riba a tafiyarsa ta dawowa. Al-Umari da Ibn Khaldun sun bayyana cewa ko dai ba a taɓa biyan masu ba da lamuni ba ko kuma an biya su wani ɓangare kawai. Wasu majiyoyi ba su yarda da ko an biya su diyya ba daga ƙarshe.

Bayyanar da hali

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A cewar Ibn Kathir, "Ya kasance kyakkyawan saurayi." Ibn Habib al-Halabi, wanda ya yi zamani da Ibn Kathir, ya bayyana Musa a matsayin "saurayi, mai launin ruwan kasa, mai kyakkyawar fuska da kuma kyawun fuska." [12]

Marubutan Larabci, kamar Ibn Battuta da Abdallah ibn Asad al-Yafii, sun yaba wa karimcin Musa, kyawawan halaye, da kuma basirarsa. [14] [13] Ibn Khaldun ya ce "shi mutum ne mai adalci kuma babban sarki, kuma har yanzu ana ba da labaran adalcinsa." [14]

Bayanan ƙasa

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Manazarta

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Ambato

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Ƙarin karatu

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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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Regnal titles
Magabata
Muhammad ibn Qu		 Mansa of the Mali Empire
1312–1337		 Magaji
Maghan
  1. ↑ Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.
  2. ↑ The name is transcribed in the Tarikh al-Sudan as Kankan (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.), which Cissoko concluded was a representation of the Mandinka woman's name Kanku.[11]
  3. ↑ The Tarikh Ibn al-Mukhtar is a historiographical name for an untitled manuscript by Ibn al-Mukhtar. This document is also known as the Tarikh al-Fattash, which Nobili and Mathee have argued is properly the title of a 19th-century document that used Ibn al-Mukhtar's text as a source. [18]
  4. ↑ Musa's name Kanku Musa means "Musa son of Kanku", but the genealogy may not be literal.[19]
  5. ↑ The exact date of Musa's accession is debated. Ibn Khaldun claims Musa reigned for 25 years, so his accession is dated to 25 years before his death. Musa's death may have occurred in 1337, 1332, or possibly even earlier, giving 1307 or 1312 as plausible approximate years of accession. 1312 is the most widely accepted by modern historians.[22][23]
  6. ↑ 26 Rajab 724
  7. ↑ 28 Shawwal
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found.
  1. ↑ Levtzion 1963
  2. 1 2 "Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali)". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  3. ↑ Cartwright, Mark (May 1, 2019). "The Gold Trade of Ancient & Medieval West Africa". World History Encyclopedia.
  4. ↑ Brown, Evan Nicole (2019-05-09). "Medieval Africans Had a Unique Process for Purifying Gold With Glass". Atlas Obscura (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-05-22.
  5. ↑ Marot, Laurence (May 24, 2023). "Copper and Copper Alloys at the Time of the Kingdoms of Ghana and Mali". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Mohamud 2019.
  7. ↑ McKissack & McKissack 1994.
  8. ↑ Gomez 2018
  9. ↑ MacBrair 1873
  10. ↑ Bell 1972
  11. ↑ Cissoko 1969.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Gomez 2018.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Collet 2019.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Levtzion & Hopkins 2000.
  15. 1 2 3 Niane 1959.
  16. ↑ Gomez 2018
  17. ↑ Al-Umari.
  18. ↑ Nobili & Mathee 2015.
  19. ↑ Gomez 2018, pp. 109–110
  20. ↑ Levtzion 1963
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Fauvelle 2022.
  22. ↑ Bell 1972
  23. ↑ Levtzion 1963, pp. 349–350
  24. ↑ Fauvelle 2018
  25. ↑ Al-Umari
  26. ↑ Ibn Khaldun
  27. ↑ Gomez 2018
  28. ↑ Thornton 2012
  29. ↑ Devisse & Labib 1984.
  30. ↑ Thornton 2012.
  31. ↑ Al-Umari, translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
  32. 1 2 Goodwin 1957.
  33. ↑ Al-Umari, translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
  34. 1 2 3 4 Schultz 2006.
  35. ↑ Cuoq 1985.
  36. 1 2 3 Hunwick 1990.
  37. ↑ Al-Umari, translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
  38. ↑ al-Sadi, translated in Hunwick 1999
  39. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
  40. ↑ Levtzion 1973.
  41. 1 2 3 4 De Villiers & Hirtle 2007.
  42. 1 2 Prussin 1986.
  43. ↑ McIntosh & McIntosh 1980.
  44. ↑ Goodwin 1957.
  45. 1 2 3 Levtzion 1963.
  46. 1 2 3 4 Bell 1972.
  47. ↑ Sapong 2016.
  48. ↑ Canós-Donnay 2019.
  49. 1 2 Niane 1984.
  50. ↑ Gomez 2018
  51. 1 2 3 4 Conrad 1992.
  52. 1 2 3 4 Jackson, Eleanor (14 July 2022). "African kings on medieval and Renaissance maps". British Library.
  53. ↑ "Who is richest person of all time? From Mansa Musa to Jeff Bezos". The Week (in Turanci). 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2026-06-21.
  54. ↑ Bradley, Faye (2022-10-29). "The 10 richest people who ever lived – net worths, ranked". South China Morning Post (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-06-21.
  55. ↑ Davidson 2015b.
  56. ↑ "Mūsā I of Mali". britannica.com.
  57. ↑ "britannica.com/biography/Musa-I-of-Mali". Internet Archive: Wayback Machine.
  58. ↑ Davidson 2015a.
  59. ↑ "Kingdom of Ghana | African Studies Center". www.bu.edu. Retrieved 2026-05-19.
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