Significant performance degradation in 'foreach' starting from PHP 8.2.13 (caused by garbage collection)

Description

We noticed significant performance degradation in our application after migration to PHP 8.2.13 (and PHP 8.3.0 has the same issue). Our application performs a lot of computations and in some cases execution time increased from 2 to 6 hours.

Here is a simple script demonstrating the problem (run as 'php -dmemory_limit=-1 perf_test.php'):

<?php
class PerfTest {
    /*
     Create 'object' with many fields:
    {
        "obj_0": {"field_0": 1, "field_1": 2, ...},
        "obj_1": {"field_0": 1, "field_1": 2, ...},
        ...
    }
     */
    private static function generateObject(): array {
        $resultObj = [];
        for ($i = 0; $i < 100; $i++) {
            $nestedObj = [];
            for ($j = 0; $j < 20; $j++) {
                $nestedObj["field_$j"] = 0;
            }
            $resultObj["obj_$i"] = $nestedObj;
        }
        return $resultObj;
    }

    public function run(): void {
        $objects = [];
        for ($i = 0; $i < 50000; $i++) {
            $objects [] = self::generateObject();
        }

        $start0 = microtime(true);
        foreach ($objects as $object) {
            foreach ($object as $nestedObj) {
                // No-op, just iterate generated objects.
            }
        }
        echo "Iteration time: " . round((microtime(true) - $start0), 1) . " sec\n";
    }
}
(new PerfTest())->run();

Here is timing for PHP 8.2.12 and PHP 8.2.13 when GC is enabled and disabled:

PHP 8.2.12 -dzend.enable_gc=1: Iteration time: 0.8 sec
PHP 8.2.12 -dzend.enable_gc=0: Iteration time: 0.1 sec
PHP 8.2.13 -dzend.enable_gc=1: Iteration time: 8 sec
PHP 8.2.13 -dzend.enable_gc=0: Iteration time: 0.1 sec

For 8.2.12 enabling GC doesn't have major impact on performance, but for 8.2.13 enabling GC increases time from 0.1 sec to 8 seconds (the same for 8.3.0). This is just a simple script to demonstrate the issue, in real application impact on performance is dramatic.

As I understand reason of additional GC overhead is this commit. I understand that it fixes potential memory leak, but perphaps there is a way to optimize it, so it won't cause such dramatic performance degradation?

I also understand that it's possible to selectively disable/enable GC in the application, or somehow get rid of 'foreach' loops. But since our application has thousands of such loops, changing the code would be very hard (and potentially the same issue can be in the 3rd party libraries which we can't change).

PHP Version

PHP 8.3

Operating System

Ubuntu 20.04, Windows 11

I confirm this drop in performance under Linux.

0.3 sec to 1.1s

Warning

I notice that it seems extremely difficult to understand the usefulness of this test.

$array = [0, 1];
foreach($array as &$v) {
    $array[0] =& $array;
    
    $b = 1;
    $array =& $b;
    
    gc_collect_cycles();
    break;
}
var_dump(gc_collect_cycles());

Tip

If we create a reference above the loop, the memory leak no longer exists

$a = [0, 1];
$array = &$a;
foreach($array as &$v) {
  // 
}

@dstogov

Yop

@dstogov I looked this report to get my hands of php.
I share my essays with you. Hoping to get your feedback and your advice.

As I said above, I tried to create a temporary reference to feed the "foreach" loop.
I have check that there was no memory leak with the "*.phpt" #12575 by deleting || kind == ZEND_LIVE_LOOP .

I was able to see from the @sboikov1983 test that from 1.1s I fell back to 0.3s

#if 1
    znode tmp_result;
    opnum_reset = get_next_op_number();
    zend_emit_op(&tmp_result, ZEND_MAKE_REF, &expr_node, NULL);
    
    opnum_reset = get_next_op_number();
    opline = zend_emit_op(&reset_node, by_ref ? ZEND_FE_RESET_RW : ZEND_FE_RESET_R, &tmp_result, NULL);
#else
    opnum_reset = get_next_op_number();
    opline = zend_emit_op(&reset_node, by_ref ? ZEND_FE_RESET_RW : ZEND_FE_RESET_R, &expr_node, NULL);
#endif

Not having a global vision of how PHP works. I don't know what this modification is worth. Is this the right way to do it?

The degradation occurs because abe3673 adds a big array into GC buffer, and then it's iteratively checked by GC.
It doesn't slow-downs foreach but increases amount of GC work, when it's repeatable launched from inside the foreach loop.

The fix looks right, and I don't see a simple way to fix this degradation. I'll think a bit more...

The issue was closed by mistake

@iluuu1994

I thought we may reduce the degradation by limiting effect if the old fix only to references.
But this doesn't work. The next example explains this. It starts to fail (leak) when the old fix removed.

<?php
function foo() {
	$a = [];
	$a[0] = 1;
	$a[1] = &$a;
	return $a;
}
foreach(foo() as $v) {                  // foo() returns a circular array
	var_dump(gc_collect_cycles());  // GC can't free the array because it's still iterated
	break;
}
var_dump(gc_collect_cycles());          // GC is able to detect and free the array only if it was added to garbage candidates buffer after the first GC above (see the old fix)
?>

@iluuu1994 @nielsdos may be you have any ideas?

I don't really have a better idea. The only thing I think about is changing the VM instead of GC, like so: https://gist.github.com/nielsdos/80c7f19ab12a4ae6678dc403246435ba
this reduces the impact on the performance, it seems on par now with what it used to be.

To be honest I am not very familiar with the GC and its nuances, I did not read much code of it yet. So probably I am missing something why my idea is wrong.

@nielsdod the current solution adds iterated variable into GC buffer only after GC launched from inside a foreach loop. Your solution will add into GC buffer any variable used in foreach. This may help to foreach over very big arrays (like in this test case), but on the other hand will slowdown apps with many foreach over smaller arrays.

Okay I understand, thanks for pointing that out.
I was not able to come up with something else.

@SVGAnimate

@SVGAnimate we can't disable array modification and this won't fix the problem anyway (see my last example above).

The problem that on each foreach iteration we increment/decrement refcounter of the current element (because of assignment to $v) and then store it into GC buffer. This leads to too often calls to GC collector and in case of a big array we get quadratic slowdown.

I think, the problem may be reduced in general, if before the main GC collector algorithm we will remove from GC buffer all elements reachable from the VM roots (global and static variables, CVs and alive temporary variables of stack frames, etc...)
We may start only with alive temporary variables...

I'm not sure when I get time to check this idea.
@iluuu1994 @nielsdos can you think in this direction?

Yep!

We are also seeing this in a "real world" example, in our phpunit test run of ~20k tests, a small slice of our tests explicitly call gc_collect_cycles(), we have seen those tests get much slower from 7.4 -> 8.2.19, but they are pure "unit tests", and the slowness comes from the gc_collect_cycles() call. I am OK to reopen this issue, or leave it, up to y'all, I think the larger problem that led us down the path of explicitly doing this was we used to need this due to the old GC's (PHP 5.x) behavior of hitting 10k root nodes and thrashing whenever the root buffer runs full (so we would collect the gc, disable the gc while creating objects over that limit, then re-enable post-creation). As far as I can tell, this was actually resolved in PHP 7, but the documentation (https://www.php.net/manual/en/features.gc.collecting-cycles.php#:~:text=The%20root%20buffer%20has%20a%20fixed%20size%20of%2010%2C000%20possible%20roots%20(although%20you%20can%20alter%20this%20by%20changing%20the%20GC_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT%20constant%20in%20Zend/zend_gc.c) was never updated / it wasn't clearly communicated, so we've still been manually collecting and turning off the GC anytime we thought we would be interacting edge cases that might create the situation of having > 10k root nodes. I'll try to get a PR into https://github.com/php/doc-base to update the docs some.

@SpencerMalone

@SpencerMalone I can reproduce this, it seems that there is an extra check that causes the zend_gc_remove_root_tmpvars function to no longer execute.
Also yes feel free to file a docs PR.

@dstogov I am confused by the GC_G(gc_active) check here:

php-src/Zend/zend_gc.c

Lines 1920 to 1922 in ead3698

    
           if (GC_G(num_roots) && GC_G(gc_active)) { 
        
           	zend_gc_remove_root_tmpvars(); 
        
           }

As far as I understand, GC_G(gc_active) means the GC algorithm is running, so I would expect a check for !GC_G(gc_active) instead. The following diff fixes the issue and brings execution from 11s down to 1s on my machine:

diff --git a/Zend/zend_gc.c b/Zend/zend_gc.c
index e7d9c8ef292..935ce06f46c 100644
--- a/Zend/zend_gc.c
+++ b/Zend/zend_gc.c
@@ -1474,7 +1474,7 @@ ZEND_API int zend_gc_collect_cycles(void)
 	bool should_rerun_gc = 0;
 	bool did_rerun_gc = 0;
 
-	if (GC_G(num_roots) && GC_G(gc_active)) {
+	if (GC_G(num_roots) && !GC_G(gc_active)) {
 		zend_gc_remove_root_tmpvars();
 	}

I may be wrong though.

@nielsdos I can't remember why did I add that GC_G(gc_active) check, but it seems I made this wrong.
Now I think your proposal is right. Please, commit this.

Fixed bug GH-13193 again

Merge branch 'PHP-8.3' into PHP-8.4

Merge branch 'PHP-8.4'

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Significant performance degradation in 'foreach' starting from PHP 8.2.13 (caused by garbage collection) #13193

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	if (GC_G(num_roots) && GC_G(gc_active)) {
	zend_gc_remove_root_tmpvars();
	}

Significant performance degradation in 'foreach' starting from PHP 8.2.13 (caused by garbage collection) #13193

Description

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SVGAnimate commented on Jan 19, 2024

SVGAnimate commented on Jan 20, 2024

dstogov commented on Jan 22, 2024

dstogov commented on Jan 22, 2024

dstogov commented on Jan 22, 2024

ndossche commented on Jan 23, 2024

dstogov commented on Jan 23, 2024

ndossche commented on Jan 23, 2024

dstogov commented on Jan 24, 2024

9 remaining items

SpencerMalone commented on Mar 20, 2025

SpencerMalone commented on Mar 20, 2025

ndossche commented on Mar 20, 2025

dstogov commented on Mar 21, 2025

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